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    (1)词组与搭配

    a human-rights report with a twist 一份歪曲事实的人权报告

    good chemistry 志趣相投

    economic plan 经济方略

    be widely reprinted 广为转载

    turn combustible 激怒反目

    a far cry from 相去甚远;天壤之别;大相径庭;截然不同;迥然不同

    (2)例句分析

    Achieving those targets will be a breeze.

    实现这些目标易如反掌。

    We (my wife and I ) have had 23 years investing in each other.

    我们婚后23年一直相亲相爱。(*互相之间互相投资)动词+宾语+补语[现在分词短语]结构。

    They overwhelmed the police as much with courtesy as with force.

    他们软磨硬闯,冲破了警察的阻拦。(*不仅以礼貌的言词,而且还使出力气)

    Premier seemed a pleasant but rather dull man in a grey suit, a far cry from Interior Minister.

    首相身着一套灰色西装,看上去和蔼可亲,但却相当单调乏味,与内务部长相比,相去甚远。

    Their anxiety had reached a clinical condition.

    他们焦虑成病。(*焦虑达到了临床状态)

    All the ones we have seen here have four-star abilities with five-star ambitions.

    我们在此看到的所有的人都是些眼高手低之辈。(*四星级的能力,五星级的抱负)

    In three years as US Secretary of Transportation, Skinner has emerged as the administration''s top crisis manager, a loyalist whose tenacity and competence have earned him Bush''s respect and admiration.

    作为美国的交通部长,斯金纳三年中表现出他是行政当局处理危机事务的高手,且忠心耿耿,坚毅能干。这些使他赢得了布什的尊重和赞赏。tenacity and competence译为“坚毅能干”。

    These people will tend to flood the cities,worsening already strained urban resources.

    这些人往往大批涌往城市,使市区本已负荷过重[不堪重负]的各种设施雪上加霜。

    Our Good Society is disfigured by huge debts:entrenched poverty,persistent racial tension,the breakdown of the family and staggering budget deficits.

    我们这个美好的社会因存在大量的债务而变得丑陋:难以消除的贫困现象,旷日持久的种族对立,分崩离析的家庭细胞,骇人听闻的财政赤字。

    The reality of a nurse''s job is still appalling pay,mounting workloads and dismal living conditions.

    护士工作的现实仍然是:工资收入低微,工资负荷增加,生活境况凄苦。

    But the firms have gone to greater and greater lengths to hold on to their star employees,the ones who really produce the profits.

    但是这些公司一直在不遗余力地留住才干出众的雇员,他们是真正能给公司创造利润的人。

    Star(a.)有名的;有才华的;极具有吸引力的;不同凡响的;

    The premier wants to take another star turn on the world stage,even (if) his troubles are mounting back home.

    即便首相在国内面临的困难与麻烦有增无减,他还是想在国际舞台上再做出一个不同凡响的举动。

    *They assert that scientists lack ethics,morals,and a sense of responsibility,and that they have let the public down on too many occasions;they conclude that gene technology must be banned from Switzerland,signaling the rest of the world to follow suit.

    结构分析:句子框架是They assert that.and that.;they conclude that.分号连接两个并列句。前面的并列分句套嵌两个并列的that引导的宾语从句,做assert的宾语;后面的并列分句套嵌一个that引导的宾语从句,做conclude的宾语。两个分句的主语they指前句提到的proponents of the initiative.另外on…occasions意为“在……场合或(重大的)时刻”;signal在此处为动词,译为“向……示意”;follow suit译为“跟着做,依样行事”。

    参考译文:他们(支持该动议的人)声称科学家缺乏伦理、道德、责任感;科学家辜负了公众的时候太多了。由此,他们得出结论,认为基因技术应该在瑞士得到严令禁止,并示意世界其他国家依样行事。

    *This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature;actually,aside from abnormally lazy people,there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum,and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.

    结构分析:句子的框架是This assumption rests on……;actually,aside from……,there would be very few who would……,and who would……。分号连接两个并列分句。在第二个分句中,介问短语aside from abnormally(特别地)lazy people作状语,主句是一个there be存在句,包含两个并列的由关系代词who引导的定语从句,修饰few.Rest on在此意为“依据”。aside from相当于“except”,泽为“除了”。

    参考译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的天性中就存在遗传惰性。而实际上,除了特别懒惰的人以外,几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱,也没有人愿意饱食终日,无所用心。

    “扩充词义”可以指下列方面的操作:

    (1)译文增字法:即对原文的某个词做“放大”或“延伸”处理。它是需要译者根据原文的特定的上下文在汉译句中适当增加几个字或一句话,以使句义在逻辑上更忠实于原文的内涵。

    例如一些抽象名词、形容词可译为:

    Respect尊敬→受人尊敬

    Affection喜爱→惹人喜爱

    Banquet宴会→摆宴席、搞宴请

    Breakdown of equipment and morale装备逐渐破损、士气不振

    Be always quite difficult是很困难的→一直困难重重

    1.A settlement and peace will remain elusive.

    *解决与和平仍然是一件毫无把握的事。

    解决问题,实现和平,仍然是一件毫无把握的事。

    2.In California,hundreds of billions of dollars ride on the success of earthquake prediction.

    *在加利福尼亚,地震预报的成功关系到千百亿美元。

    在加利福尼亚州,地震预测的成功与否关系到千百亿美元的财产和投资。

    3.At this difficult stage,ex-president of the USA may have more celebrity than influence.

    *在这个困难阶段,前任美国总统可能仍会有声望,但已无影响。

    在这个困难阶段,前任美国总统可能仍会享有声望,但已无影响力可言。

    4.Rushing to the scene to congratulate his troops on a textbook performance,Interior Minister Charles Pasqua told reporters,The nightmare is over.

    内政部长查尔斯·巴士奎赶到现场,祝贺内务部队官兵干得漂亮而又完全符合规范。他对在场的记者说:“噩梦已经结束”。

    5.Britains will have the chance in the next few months to try out an emerging technology that could put mobile telephones within the reach of even modest domestic budgets.

    *英国人在未来的几个月里可能研制出一种新兴的技术,这种技术能使中等收入的家庭也能用得起移动电话。

    英国人在未来的几个月里可能研制出一种新兴的技术,这种技术一投入使用,即使是中等收入的家庭也能用得起移动电话。

    *What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data.

    结构分析:句子的框架是What science strives for is……as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data.这是一个主从复合句。名词性从句What science strives for作主语。介词短语as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory date作状语。介词短语as regards也作regarding,意为“关于”。Sensory data意为“感性材料”。

    参考译文:科学为之奋斗的目标,就是要使概念之间的相互关系以及与感性材料的一致性尽最大可能地准确与清楚。

    *If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety,the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state.

    结构分析:句子的框架是if we desire……,the welfare and the free development……,we shall not be in want of……。if引导条件状语从句。desire的宾语被状语sincerely and passionately隔开。In want of相当于“in need of”,在此句中译为“缺乏”。approach在此作动词意为“靠近”。

    参考译文:如果我们真心实意而又满腔热情地希望整个人类能享有安全与幸福并且自由地发展其才干,我们就不会缺少去达到这一境界的方法。

    *While we consider this to be the best form of democracy, it is not without difficulties and possible limitations, some of which may become apparent in this case.

    结构分析:句子框架是While…,it is not without difficulties and possible limitations.“while引导让步状语从句。相当于though,修饰主句。指示代词this指代前面提到的公众投票来决策问题的做法。主句中又套嵌数量词some of加关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰difficulties and possible limitations.Not without为双重否定的介词短语,做表语,可以译成肯定句。

    参考译文:虽然我们认为这是民主的最完美的形式,但它还有各种困难和潜在的缺陷;在这种情况下有些问题变得明显了。

    *But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

    结构分析:句子的框架是But such a system would not only be……its principal advantage would be the improvement of。叫分号连接两个并列分句。sphere意为“领域”。

    参考译文:但是,这样一种制度将不只是雇主和雇员之间真正自由签署合同的开始;它的主要优点是在日常生活的每一个领域中使人际关系吏为自由。

    (2)译文解释法。这种“扩充词义”的操作策略是:使用添加一定的解释性、说明性的行文。由于中西文化和社会习俗的差异,英语的有些词汇不能直译出来,有必要对汉语的词汇表达进行解释性、说明性的翻译。

     

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    1.In the age of information,we are open books.

    *在信息时代,我们都是公开的书本。

    在信息时代,我们每个人的一切情况都没有什么秘密可言了。

    2.This country's economy remains in intensive care.

    *该国经济仍处于重病特别护理中。

    该国经济依然处于岌岌可危的境地。

    3.Those young people are heading for an early grave through smoking and lack of exercise.

    *那些年轻人通过抽烟和缺少运动,正在向一个早期坟墓奔去。

    那些年轻人由于抽烟加上缺少运动,实际上是在减短自己的寿命。

    4.In that country several million of people have lived near or below the breadline for almost two decades.

    在那个国家差不多二十年了,生活在贫困线以下,或温饱问题还没有完全解决的仍有几百万人。

    *It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant;the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance,the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots,but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.

    结构分析:句子的框架是it is not so bad being ignorant if;the hard thing is knowing.……the reality…but no true light……nor even any tunnels……分号连接两个并列分句。前面的分句句首it为形式主语,真正的主语为being ignorant;if引导条件状语从句。后一分句的is knowing…和no true light…nor even any tunnels由but连接做系表谓语;句尾that引导的定语从句修饰tunnels.

    此句的短语light at the end of the tunnel意为“困难(不快)的事情有结束的迹象”。

    参考译文:如果有人彻底无知的话,无知也就不那么糟了。困难的是人们详细了解无知的实际情况——最差的方面以及这里或那里并不太差的方面,但并不了解困难的事情根本没有结束的迹象,甚至还没有可以信赖的任何解决问题的途径。

    He worked his way through the ranks,eventually becoming managing director responsible for the chain's operations in southern England.

    他从基层干起,逐级向上升,最终当上了负责该连锁大企业在南英格兰事务的常务主任。

    注释:①responsible for形容词短语作后置定语。②多义词operations不是“手术”“运作”,而是“企业”的意思。

    新的技术革命和频繁中西文化交流使我们的英语熟词有了新意或偏义。例如,skin一词的意思是“人与人的实际接触或交往”。

    People who correspond with each other electronically often feel the need for skin and try to meet in what they call real life.

    彼此之间用电子方式通信的人们经常觉得有面对面接触的需要,他们也尽可能在他们称之为现实的生活中交往。

    The desire for skin can be seen in downtowns and shopping malls - people want human contact even when they could buy things via television or the telephone.

    这种与人直接谋面接触的愿望在闹市区和商场是可以领略到的。即使人们可以通过电视或电话购物,他们还是想有人与人之间的直接交往。

    再举一例:动词短语plug in意为:“将插头插入电源插座”或“给……接通电源”。现在它有了特殊的含义:“接通(进入)电脑网络”。新的形容词plugged-in表示“联通了电脑网络的”一类意思。

    Parents who want their kids to be plugged in to the Net but would prefer they not be exposed to pornography, need no longer fear.

    那些想让自己的孩子使用电脑网络却又怕他们大量接触到各种色情图文的家长们现在不必再担心。

    Will tomorrow's students be a generation of plugged-in servants or a race of silicon salves?将来的学生是否会成为一代电脑网络的仆佣或是一群硅片的奴隶呢?

    More plugged-in bureaucrats have E-mail address and print them on their business cards?有更多的官员已经使用电脑网络,在他们的公务名片上都印有各自的电子信箱地址。

    Textbook是旧词新意:“合乎规范的,理想化的”,“符合规定的”,“堪称典范的,典型的(typical)”。

    It's a textbook marriage of supply and demand.供求双方各得其所,合作十分理想。

    Indeed,British Airways provides a textbook case of how new management methods and attitudes can transform a service company.如何运用新的管理方式和观念来改造一个服务性企业,英国航空公司在这方面的确提供了一个范例。

    (3)译文合理加工法。“扩充词义”的操作也包括对英语原句某些表达做“转译加工”处理。这是指,英语的某些表达在汉译时不能原封不动地照译,而要在“取其要义”的基础上,大胆将其换上汉语的句式和搭配惯例,使之读起来更符合汉语行文的规范或搭配。如:

    Writers are often regarded as the conscience of society,but in Hongkong many writers are only concerned with grabbing money and publicity;they have no principles or shames and are a disgrace to the profession, fumed the editor of one Chinese language magazine.

    *“作家通常被看作是社会的良知。但在香港许多作家只关心捞钱和挣名,他们没有原则,甚至没有廉耻,是这个行业的耻辱。……”

    “人们通常认为作家是社会的良知。但是在香港许多作家只关注如何去追名逐利。他们毫无原则,甚至根本不知廉耻,令文坛名誉扫地。”一家中文杂志的编辑怒不可遏地这么说道。

    *The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere,it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding.

    结构分析:句子的框架是The scientific method itself would not have…it would not even have been born without…。这是一个含双重否定的并列句。even表示递进。在第二个并列分句中not.。。without为双重否定。翻译时译成一个肯定的意思更贴切。

    参考译文:科学方法本身不能导致任何结果。而且,只有充满激情地去努力寻找确切的理解,科学方法才会产生。

    *Scientists must play their part in dispelling the shaky image of both themselves and of science in general,and in explaining the new approaches and how they may be applied to benefit all of society.

    结构分析:句子的框架是Scientists must play their part in……in dispelling…。和and explaining……并列做状语,转译为“一面……,一面……”。句尾how引导的宾语从句和the new approaches并列做explaining的宾语,其中代词they指前面提到的the new approaches.dispel意为“驱散,消除”。

    参考译文:科学家必须在这些方面发挥作用:一面驱散他们自己和整个科学在公众心目中摇摇欲坠的形象,一面解释一些新方法和如何应用这些方法来造福于全社会。

    英译汉时,对个别词、词组、习惯用语的位置进行语序微调和移动,译文会顺畅得多,并不影响原句宏观意义的表达。个词微调一般都不外乎副词、形容词、动名词或介词短语等。有时多个定语的排序也要前后换位。

    Divorce is less culturally acceptable in a society that is family-oriented.

    *在一个注重家庭的社会中,离婚并不普遍为人们在文化上所接受。

    在一个注重家庭的社会中,离婚在文化上总让人觉得不大好接受。

    Many consumer goods in the USA become obsolete in a few years as styles change,such as with automobiles and clothes.

    *由于样式的变化,美国的许多消费品过不了几年就会陈旧过时,例如小汽车和服装。

    由于样式的变化,美国的许多消费品,例如小汽车和服装,过不了几年就会陈旧过时。

    注释:with+名词可以表示:“就……而言”、“在…方面”、“由…负责”。

    This is an age of knowledge and distributed intelligence,in which knowledge is available to anyone,located anywhere,at any time;and in which power,information,and control are moving from centralized systems to individuals.

    结构分析:句子框架是This is an age of knowledge and distributed intelligence,in which……;and in which……in which……;and in which……介词in加关系代词which引导的两个并列的定语从句修饰an age.distributed intelligence译为“分布式智能”;available to anyone,located anywhere,at any time为排比短语,译为“随时、随地、随便什么人都利用……”。

    参考译文:这是一个“知识和分布式智能”的时代:一个随时、随地、随便什么人都利用知识的时代;一个能把能量、信息和控制从中心系统传向每个人的时代。

     

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    This gene protection initiative not only threatens biomedical research but also puts Swiss democracy to the test.

    结构分析:句子框架是initiative……not only threatens……but also puts……是带有not only……but also……句型的简单句,此句型译成“不但……而且……,既……又……”;put……to the test意为“使……受考验”。

    参考译文:这项保护基因的动议既威胁着生物医学研究,又考验着瑞士的民主制度。

    汉语行文,句子不如英语长,表层结构松散,句与句、小句与小句之间也没有那么多的关联词(connectors)衔接。这种“变短语为句子”的操作特指:在英译汉时,将原文的某些短语成分(phrases短语、片语或词组),但却含有动宾关系或主谓关系的表达不妨译成汉语的小句。

    (1)非谓语动词形式[☆不定式短语、分词短语和动名词短语]所展现的动宾关系或主谓关系是显性的,翻译时将它们译成汉语的句子形式,在绝大多数情况下是顺理成章的事。

    *It will take new insights from studies of human cognition,linguistics,neurobiology,computing,and more to develop systems that truly augment our capacity to learn and create.

    结构分析:句子框架是it will take new insights from.。。to develop systems.。;不定代词It为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式结构to develop systems…,句尾的关系代词that引导定语从句修饰systems.take意为“从……摘选,获取”;insight此处不要译为“视角”,而应译为“洞察力,见识”。

    参考译文:(人们)要开发真正增强人类学习和创造能力的系统,就要从人类认知、语言学、神经生物学、计算机科学以及更多的学科研究中获得新的洞察力。

    *In this connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to know.

    结构分析:句子的框架是In this connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is.…and if we cease to.we may be in danger of….And连接并列句,前句中to remember the Greek saying是真正主语,that引导的是saying的同位语从句;后句是一个条件句加一个主句;marvel在此作动词“对…惊讶,惊奇,好奇”。

    参考译文:在这方面,回忆一下希腊格言“好奇是知识的开端”是有教益的。如果我们不再好奇,那么我们就有可能陷入停止认识的危险之中。

    The toll from heavy rain and strong winds // lashing the southcoast and Wales yesterday // includes a school girl swept to her death,two men missing in heavy seas.

    昨天暴雨狂风肆虐英格兰南部沿海和威尔士,造成很大的人员财产损失。这当中包括,一名女学生被风刮倒致死,两位男子在波涛汹涌的大海里失踪。

    *I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,disguised or otherwise,for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today,although I am,in fact,rather critical of certain theories of nonrepresentational art.

    结构分析:句子的框架是I must emphasize that I am not making a plea…for the …… although I am……rather critical of certain theories of…。主句动词接宾语从句,从句是although引导的让步状语从句。Disguised or otherwise作为插入成分修饰plea,可使用外移方法翻译成一对反义词组。exercise of illusionist ticks在此译为“运用错觉手法”,of表示“动宾关系”;be critical of.可译为“批判…”。

    参考译文:我必须强调指出,我不是在这里为今日绘画中运用错觉手法做辩护,无论是隐蔽的,还是公开的;尽管如此,我实际上还是对非再现的某些美术理论持批判态度的。

    (2)“短语成句”体现在名词短语的汉译上,这是一个重点策略。

    例1:stormy sessions with Charles parents 与查尔斯的父母有过几次激烈的辩论

    例2:the futility of public protest 举行公众抗议活动是徒劳的

    They(a black woman and a white man)have survived their families shock and disapproval // and the stares and unwelcome comments of strangers.

    双方的家庭都曾十分震惊,而且都不赞成这桩婚事。不相识的人总以惊异的眼光打量他俩,还说些很不悦耳的话。所有这一切他俩都挺过来了。

    Patients wait hours while the undermanned and sometimes short-tempered staff struggle to meet the demand.

    病人就诊要等很长时间,医务人员配备不足,只能穷于应付,有时还向病人发脾气。

    *It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.

    结构分析:句子的框架是由it is.that.引导的强调结构,强调主语。confrontation with意为“与……迎面相遇或正面相对”,此处转译为“认识到”;contribution…to译成“对……的贡献”。

    参考译文:正是这种突然地认识到人类无知的深度和广度,才代表了20世纪科学对人类智能的最大贡献。

    *To be sure, there may well be questions we can''t think up,ever,and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect,but that is another matter.

    结构分析:句子的框架是there may well be questions…and therefore limits.…,but that is another matter.but连接两个并列分句。前面的分句为there be句型,questions和limits并列做其宾语。we can''t think up是省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句,修饰questions.To be sure此处译成“诚然,固然”,而不应译为“毫无疑问,当然”。

    参考译文:诚然,很可能有些问题是我们永远也想不到的,因此对人类智慧的探索是有极限的,但那是另外一回事了。

    名词短语译成了小句:“对……是有限的。”

    (3)“短语成句”体现在介词短语的汉译上。

    这种操作可避免“翻译腔”(translationese),适用于带介词短语结构的句子翻译。

    She had almost certainly been coached in what to say and how to say it.

    几乎可以肯定,要说些什么,该怎么说,她事先是经人指点过的。

    Amid mounting social discontent over inflation,the government leaders have used police action to drive home the futility of public protest.

    由于通货膨胀,社会的不满情绪不断加剧。在这种情况下,政府领导人迅速动用了警力,让人们意识到举行公众抗议活动是徒劳的。

    注意:①介词amid的语义放在了第二句中,灵活地表达为“在这种情况下”。这说明必须根据具体的意境或上下文来演示特定介词的涵义。

    ②drive home意思是“讲明白;使某人彻底理解;让人们意识到”。比如:You must drive home to John where the difficulty lies.你得让约翰明白困难何在。

    With electricity lacking or even nonexistent, much of the city at night sinks intermittently into a darkness. [“介词with +名词+分词或形容词”短语作为原因状语]

    由于电力供应不足,有的地方甚至根本没有电,这个城市的大部分地区夜里间歇性地陷入漆黑一片。

    注意:with机构有时做状语,有时做定语是翻译的重点句型。

    “从句前后换位”特指一个英语句子在翻译时将从句(clauses)和其他语法成分的位置互换,目的是使译文可读性更强,更通顺、地道、简洁。

    (1)从句换位的操作可用于翻译表语从句。

    例如:One sign of how badly the seas have been overfished is that population of sharks have declined 94% since 1970.

    *有一个迹象说明,对海洋渔场的狂捞滥捕已到了什么程度,这就是自从1970年以来,鲨鱼的总存活量递减了94%.

    自从1970年以来,鲨鱼的总存活量递减了94%,从中可以看出,对海洋渔场的狂捞滥捕已到了什么程度。

    ①下一句的可读性优于上一句译文。

    ②被动句译成“对……(动词)”。表语从句换位,先译出来。

    (2)前后换位的操作还可用于翻译同位语从句。一般将从句的主要成分或者整个从句前移,特别是在从句明显长于主句的情况下更需如此。

    例如:Concern is mounting that the estimated 1.5 million people left homeless will fall victim to epidemics of cholera and other illnesses.

    *人们的担心日甚一日,因为估计有150万人无家可归,霍乱及其他流行病的爆发会危及到他们。

    估计有150万人无家可归,霍乱及其他流行病的爆发会危及到他们。人们对此的担心日甚一日。[此句对原文忠实程度及行文的可接受性优于上句。]

    For far too long Asia has suffered from a delusion of specialists devoted to the idea that development is only a billion dollars or a billion birth-control devices away.

    只要能得到十亿美元的援助,或者只要让十亿人实行计划生育,亚洲的经济就可以发展,这是众多的专家潜心研究出的一个思路。这个思路对亚洲一直起误导作用,时间已经太长了。

    这里,译文对原句中主句和同位语从句在位置上进行了置换,否则汉译不会通顺。]

     

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    (3)从句换位的操作还可用于翻译一些定语从句或作定语的分词短语。只要将这样的定语成分提前,就可译出通顺的汉译文。

    The United Nations is attempting to settle conflicts around the world that have taken a terrible toll and misused the earth''s resources.

    *联合国正试图要消除世界各地发生的各种冲突。这些冲突有的造成可怕的后果,有的滥用地球的资源.

    世界上各种冲突时有发生,有的造成可怕的后果,有的滥用地球的资源。联合国正试图要消除这些冲突。

    This province intends to cash in on the ambitious economic renaissance being planned for the neighboring city. [=that is being planned…]

    邻近的城市正在酝酿振兴经济的宏图大计,这个省份打算乘此机会也有一番作为。

    动词词组cash in on意为“利用时机获利;乘机利用”。

    *The very reason why the representation of nature can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to art historians.

    结构分析:句子的框架是The very reason why the representationshould be of the greatest interest to art historians.本句是个简单句,主语reason后跟why引导的定语从句。The representation of nature译为“再现自然”,of表动宾关系;something commonplace在此译为成语“老生常谈”较好。

    参考译文:为什么现在再现自然被视为是老生常谈的事情呢?其真正的原因,对美术史学家来说,应该是饶有兴趣的事情。

    (4)从句换位的操作可用于翻译一些状语从句。

    Quayle has been the object of jokes and criticism ever since Bush chose him, seemingly from out of nowhere, as his running mate at the 1988 Publican Convention.

    一九八八年,在共和党全国代表大会上,似乎名不见经传的奎尔被布什挑中,成了其竞选伙伴。从那以后,奎尔便一直是被人们取笑和批评的对象。

    注意:连词(since, when等)需要个词微调,译成“从那以后;此后”。

    Many American firms have taken fright // at the prospect of being locked out of China // while companies from Japan and Europe crowd in.

    日本和欧洲的公司大批涌入中国,而美国的公司却将被拒之门外。许多美国公司对这种前景深感惊恐。

    *We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment.

    结构分析:句子的框架是We might be inclined to.if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without…if引导条件状语从句。介词短语without the verbal guidance of his environment作状语。be inclined to意为“易于,倾向于”。attribute…to在此句中意为“把…归因于”,“把…认为是…的结果”。to the act of thinking是动词的状语,complete independence from language是动词的宾语。

    参考译文:如果有人不用语言作为周围世界的向导,便已经形成或能够形成他的概念,我们就可能把完全独立于语言之外的概念归因于思维活动。

    长句之间往往被插入一个词组或小句,有时甚至还会是一段文字,这可以说是英语典型的行文结构之一。英译汉时,将主句作为一句整句翻译出来,插入成分则另行处理。这种“主句先行或主句后行”的操作方法能够把主要和次要信息安置的流畅,表达上的矛盾也迎刃而解了。何时先行,何时后行?选择的依据是要看,哪一个具体操作能使译成的汉语更通顺、地道、紧凑。

    试比较下例:

    Airlines around the world,spurred by growing passenger volume and the need to replace hundreds of aging 1960s-era jets,have embarked on an unprecedented shopping rush.

    主句先行:世界各个航空公司掀起了一股空前未有的购机热潮。购机是迫于乘客流量不断增加,又加上各航空公司有必要对已日显陈旧的60年代喷气客机进行更换。

    主句后行:迫于乘客流量不断增加,又加上各航空公司有必要对已日显陈旧的60年代喷气客机进行更换,世界各个航空公司掀起了一股空前未有的购机热潮。[此译文读起来更连贯、紧凑和地道,可接受程度较高。]

    *It would have puzzled the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering the way ahead seems.

    结构分析:句子的框架是it would have puzzled the brightest minds.to be told.…how……and how。it为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式结构to be told。此不定式的被动结构译成主动态。两个how引导的感叹句做told的宾语。minds此处泽成“有才智的人”;Enlightenment此处指“启蒙运动”。

    参考译文:如果我们当中任何一个人要告诉18世纪启蒙运动中最聪明的人,我们的知识有多么少,以及前途似乎又多么令人感到迷茫,这些都会使他们吃惊不已。

    *What I see behind many of these exciting stories is the widespread and even revolutionary use of distributed Intelligence that is made possible by the wiringof the scientific community.

    结构分析:句子框架是What l see。is the widespread and even revolutionary use…。what引导名词性从句做主语。句尾的关系代词that引导定语从句修饰distributed intelligence.被动结构be made possible by译成主动态“……有可能实现靠的足……”。scientific community译成“科学界”。

    参考译文:通过很多这样激动人心的报道,我看到的是对分布式智能技术广泛地,甚至是革新地加以利用;这一技术有可能实现靠的是科学界的“网络化”。

    *We wouldn''t have networks capable of handling massive amounts of data if physicists and astronomers hadn''t continuously forged tools to look more deeply into subatomic structures and the cosmos.

    结构分析:句子框架是We wouldn''t have networks。if…。if引导条件状语从句。主句中capable of handling massive amounts of data为形容词短语做后置定语修饰networks,相当于。networks that are capable of handling massive amounts of data.forge原意为“打(铁等);锻造”,此处转译为“研制”。

    参考译文:如果物理学家和天文学家不曾连续研制各种工具,以便更深入地探讨微原子结构和宇宙的话,我们就不会有能够处理大量信息的网络系统。

    *Given that the priorities of Congress will almost certainly differ from those of the president,it will take an unprecedented level of input and commitment from the research community to ensure the investments in science and engineering.

    结构分析:句子框架是it will take an unprecedented level of input and commitment from。to ensure…the investments…,it为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式结构to ensure the investments。句首的given that引导状语从句,译为“考虑到;假如…”。指示代词those代指前面提到的the priorities,以避免重复。priorities此处不要译成“优先考虑”,而是美国国会的“优先权”。an unprecedented level of转译为“一笔可观的”;commitment此处引申译为“赞助”。

    参考译文:考虑到国会的优先权几乎肯定与总统的不同,那么要想保证科学和工程学的投资,就要从科研机构那里接收一笔可观的投入和赞助。

    “顺势”主要是指译者要把握好全句的语义宏观结构,理顺全句各部分之间的关系。“断句”要符合逻辑语义关系,比如因果关系、对比关系、递进关系、条件关系等。这个操作的关键,在于断要断得恰到好处。实际上,顺势断句是通过两个断句成分相互换位、个词微调、加字减字等手段将原文的各个成分有机地串起来。

    例如:

    Premier pledged to reform a political system // that sometimes looks as if it were geared more to raising money // than solving problems.

    首相决心改革一种政治制度。这个制度有时看来似乎只适合搞搞筹款那一套,而不解决实际问题。

    Today's teachers know // they have to make lessons fast-moving and entertaining // for children raised on television and computer games.

    今天的教师懂得,他们给孩子们上课节奏要快,而且还要有情趣,因为这些孩子是在看电视和玩电脑游戏的环境中长大的。

    注释:①孩子重复使用;②children raised on television…译成主谓结构的小句;过去分词的被动意义译成主动句。

    Despite this backwardness in the communications // — or perhaps because of it — // China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era // by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologies // that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.

    尽管中国的通讯落后,或者说正是由于这种落后,中国希望跳跃式地进入通讯数字显示时代,一下子越过耗资巨大的过渡技术阶段。这个过渡技术,工业化国家正在寻找用更先进的数字显示系统取而代之。

    *The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times.

    结构分析:句子的框架是The super-national character of scientific.is due to the fact that they have been.that引导同位语从句,作fact的同位语。brain有多种解释,在此句中意为“人才”。

    参考译文:科学概念和科学语言的超国界特性是由于它们是由各国最优秀的人才经历了不同时期而被确立的。

    *.You either have science or you don' t, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information,along with the neat and promptly useful bits.

    结构分析:句子框架是You either have science or you don't,and.you are obliged to accept the.pieces of information.and连接两个并列句。前面分句补充完整为you either have science or you don't have science;其中either.or.结构译成“要么……,要么……”。后面分句中有if引导的条件状语从句,此从句中的此代指前面提到的science.bit原意为“(二进制)位;比特”,此处引申为“数据传辅”。

    *That both houses of the Swiss parliament have come down against the genetics is comforting,but there may be a gap between the views and knowledge of politicians and that of the general public-only the public poll will tell.

    结构分析:句子框架是That.is comforting,but there may be gap.but连接两个并列分句。前一个并列分句中有that引导的主语从句;后一个并列分句为there be句型,其中指示代词that代指前面提到的the views and knowledge,以避免重复。house这里译为“议院”;come down against…意为“做出决定不做(某事)”,还可以转译为“否定”。

    参考译文:瑞士国会两院一致否认遗传学研究,这一点令人安慰。但是政治家的观点和认识与公众的观点和认识之间会存在隔阂——只有全民投票可以明断了(说清楚)。

    另起炉灶指的不是个别的,或局部的调整,而是对英语句子作“伤筋动骨”的结构手术,即大幅度地打乱英语原句的词序或句序和各种成分的排列,几乎拆散原句,再对其重新组装。

     

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    该操作有三种境况:

    (1)“拆卸拼装”策略。只涉及句子的部分重新组装;有时候,一些词语要进行“意译”或“转译”。

    He always lives ahead of his salary.

    *他总是生活在他工资之前。

    他的生活开销总是超过他的工资收入。

    *I would suggest,however,that it should be limited to a definite period of time,let''s say two years,so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.

    结构分析:句子的框架是I would suggest,that it should be limited to…,so as to avoid。attitude which refuses…。that引导宾语从句,作suggest的宾语。Let''s say two years作插入语,这个从句包含一个由so as to引导的目的状语。关系代词which引导定语从句,修饰attitude.it在此指代“subsistence”,意为“生活维持费”。

    参考译文:然而,我想建议,这种生活维持费必须限制在一定的期限内,比如说两年,以避免鼓励一种反常的态度,即不肯承担任何社会义务。

    *However,the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer.

    结构分析:句子的框架是…the suspicions against。are not groundless from。those who want to use…这个句子的主语比较长,介词短语against a system of。作定语修饰the suspicions.关系代词who引导定语从句,修饰those.groundless在此句中译为“无根据的”。

    参考译文:然而,有些人想利用资本所有权来迫使其他人接受他们提供的工作条件。从这些人的立场来看,对最低生活保障制度持怀疑态度不是没有道理的。

    (2)“游移词句策略”。整个英语句子不分前后部分,完全打乱后进行翻译。其中发挥汉语的表达优势,例如汉语的状语常常在句首,所以可以把状语从原文中游移出来,另外译成一句话。注意:原文中的and可灵活译成汉语的词组:“不但…而且…”。

    The company''s top executives all are refugees from the country''s bureaucratic and underfinanced state research sector.

    该公司的高层管理人员都来自该国的国家研究机构,这些机构不仅充满官僚主义主义气息,而且研究经费不足,他们很难在那里呆下去。

    Food manufacturers are flooding the UK market with new products // in response to rising demand // from a population hungry forsomething different.

    显然,此句在逻辑上可以分解为4组意群:

    1)(there is)a population hungry for [形容词短语作population的定语。]

    2) the demand is rising

    3) in response to this demand

    4) food manufacturers are flooding…with…

    英国人极想“尝鲜/新”,要求与日俱增。针对这种情况,食品生产商正一个劲儿地向英国市场大量投放各种新产品。

    *The opinions,which were current a hundred years ago,that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance,lack of responsibility,are outdated.

    结构分析:句子的框架是The opinions,which were current…,that the poor owed。to,are outdated.关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主语the opinions.关系代词that引导同位语从句,作the opinions的同位语。谓语是are outdated.current在此句中泽为“流行的”。owe…to译为“把……归因于”。

    参考译文:100年前流行的看法认为,穷人应该把他们的状况归因于他们无知、缺乏责任心;但这种观点现在已经过时了。

    *I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by forms,lines,shades or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we callpictures.

    结构分析:句子的框架是“主语+谓语+宾从”。Conjure up的宾语是those mysterious phantoms of visual reality,后跟定语从句we call “pictures”。by…shades or colors是方式状语;conjure up原意是“使想起,回忆”,这里作“呈现”较好。

    参考译文:我认为,我们必须恢复对这种能力的惊奇感,这种能力能使我们借助于形式、线条、阴影或色彩来呈现那些我们称之为“图画”的反映视觉现实的神秘幻景。

    *The way the language of art refers to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely unknown except to artists,who use it as we use all language-without needing to know its grammar and semantics.

    结构分析:本句主干是the way is so…that…句型;the way后跟定语从句,artists后跟一定语从句,从句后又跟了一个比较方式状语从句;refer to原意为“提到;参考”,这里翻译为“表达,描述”较恰当。

    参考译文:美术语言表达可见世界的方式是多么显而易见,又是多么神秘莫测,因而,除了美术家外,对大多数人来说,多半还处于未知领域。美术家使用美术语言,正如我们使用一切语言一样,并不需要懂得语言的语法知识和语义学知识。

    (3)得“意”忘“形”策略(或称“取意丢形”)。这种做法指的是:宏观上可以不顾原句结构,同时想办法将原句的意思“转译”出来,但这也并不排除句中的某些结构或词句位置需要保持不变。

    He acts a lot older // than his years.

    *他的行为要比他的年岁老得多。

    他年纪轻轻,做事却相当老练。

    The minimal cost for taking taxi // far outweighs the inconvenience // of being immobile in this vast urban area.

    城区广大,交通不便,无法走动,所以出这么点钱坐出租车还是非常划得来的(上算的)。

    Production capacity is grossly underused with many idle workers and machines obvious to any visitor to the state factory.

    生产能力根本没有充分利用。到这家国营工厂参观,进入眼帘的是机器设备闲置,许多工人无济于事。

    [注释:①with结构作状语的翻译;②注意一句话中,同一个形容词“idle”的两种译法:“闲置”和“无济于事”。

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